I.
Our nation is currently debating what “natural born Citizen” means as that term is used in Article II of the Constitution which provides that "No person except a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen of the
United States, at the time of the Adoption of this Constitution shall be eligible to the Office of President . . . ." There is a need to determine what “natural born Citizen” means only if Obama was born in the
U.S. He has to prove he was born on
United States soil, i.e.,
Hawaii and not
Kenya. If he was born in
Kenya, he cannot be President because he is not a "natural born Citizen" nor can he be a “Citizen” under the Fourteenth Amendment which provides "All persons born or naturalized in the
United States and subject to the Jurisdiction thereof, are Citizens of the
United States and of the State wherein they reside. Additionally, he would not qualify to obtain
U.S. citizenship from his
U.S. citizen mother.
“Birth Abroad to One Citizen and One Alien Parent in Wedlock
A child born abroad to one U.S. citizen parent and one alien parent acquires U.S. citizenship at birth under Section 301(g) of the INA provided the U.S. citizen parent was physically present in the United States or one of its outlying possessions for the time period required by the law applicable at the time of the child's birth. (For birth on or after November 14, 1986, a period of five years physical presence, two after the age of fourteen, is required. For birth between December 24, 1952 and November 13, 1986, a period of ten years, five after the age of fourteen, is required for physical presence in the United States or one of its outlying possessions to transmit U.S. citizenship to the child.) The U.S. citizen parent must be genetically related to the child to transmit U.S. citizenship.”
http://travel.state.gov/law/citizenship/citizenship_5199.html
Obama’s mother, born on November 29, 1942, was 18 years old when she gave birth to Obama on August 4, 1961. She was 117 days short from being 19 years old. But she had to be at least 19 years old (14 years old plus 5 years of
U.S. physical presence) to satisfy the legal requirement of Section 301(g). Hence, if Obama was born in
Kenya, under the Fourteenth Amendment, he is neither a
U.S. citizen by birth on
U.S. soil nor one by naturalization. (There is no existing evidence that Obama was ever naturalized.) Nor would he qualify to be a
U.S. citizen by any act of Congress by being born abroad to a
U.S. citizen parent. If this scenario is accurate, it can be reasonably argued that Obama is an illegal alien.
There continues to exist reasonable doubt as to whether Obama was born in
Hawaii as he maintains. There is some evidence that he was born in
Kenya. There are allegations that his mother was present in
Kenya when she gave birth to Obama and that she later arrived in
Hawaii and simply registered him in there as having been born there. Obama's own grandmother said he was born in
Kenya and was present there when he was born. The
Kenya Ambassador to the
United States, Peter N.R.O. Ogego, confirmed on November 6, 2008 during a radio interview with
Detroit radio talk-show hosts Mike Clark, Trudi Daniels, and Marc Fellhauer on WRIF's "Mike In the Morning," that "President-Elect Obama" was born in
Kenya and that his birth place was already a "well-known" attraction. Now, Mr. Ogego says that the radio hosts manipulated him and he was referring to Obama's father, even though the whole discussion was about the president-elect Obama and the question regarding the birth place was prefaced with relating to "President-elect Obama."
Some have dismissed the birth certificate issue as absurd, arguing that Obama’s
Hawaii birth certificate is genuine and that here is no massive conspiracy to produce a fraudulent document. But these individuals miss the point, i.e., that even if the
Hawaii “Certification of Live Birth” (COLB) is genuine, that document alone does not conclusively prove that Obama was in fact born in
Hawaii. It is common knowledge that
Hawaii law at the time of Obama’s birth allowed a
Hawaii resident parent to register a foreign birth in
Hawaii and that having done that the parent would get COLB. Obama has yet to produce a “vault” (original) long version of a birth certificate showing that he was born in
Hawaii. The COLB that Obama has posted on the internet and otherwise produced does not state in what hospital he was born in
Hawaii. Obama has to date refused to provide a full version of an original birth certificate which would definitively prove that he was born in Hawaii. No hospital in
Hawaii has confirmed that either Obama’s mother or Obama himself were ever present during the time Obama was born. Obama can simply put this issue to rest if he provides credible proof of his alleged birth in
Hawaii. He can, among other things, simply produce his original birth certificate, medical records from the Hawaii hospital where he was born showing the exact date and time of his birth and the name of the doctor and other hospital staff who delivered him, and Kenya-Hawaii travel documentation showing that his mother could have been physically present in that hospital on that date and at that time. To date, none of this simple evidence has been produced.
There are many Americans who still expect Obama to do a simple thing like show them (the voters) through credible and sufficient evidence where he was born. Credible and sufficient evidence is more than a digital image containing limited information posted by Obama on the internet. How can anybody reasonably think that this is asking Obama for too much. He is the one who wants to be President. He has the burden of proof to show the nation that he is Constitutionally eligible for the job. How can Obama expect well-informed and rational Americans to believe in him if he has sealed all his important papers that could shed some light on who he is and spent so much money in legal fees in keeping his past secret? What ever happened to his proclaimed transparency and openness in government? And I do not accept all the maneuvering ( evasive movement or shift of tactics; adroit and clever management of affairs often using trickery and deception) that goes on in various quarters (e.g., the people already voted; you are asking that because you are a racist; the parties should have investigated that before the people voted; he could not have gotten this far if he was not born in America; the FBI and the CIA must know where he was born given that he was a U.S. Senator and sat on sensitive committees and must have had a top security clearance to do so; since the November 4 election, Obama has been getting the daily National Security briefings that President Bush gets including our nation’s most precious secrets which cannot be done without the CIA and Homeland Security verifying that the man is who he says he is; all the big Whigs would have known if he was not qualified to be President; why did McCain and the Republicans let him get away with such a simple thing; I cannot believe that someone running for President would try to pull off such a scam;
Obama is a lawyer and to get a license to practice law applicants must provide a certified copy of a birth certificate to the proper licensing authorities to be eligible to take the bar exam; Obama is a Harvard Law School graduate and Constitutional law scholar and he cannot be that dumb to lie about where he was born; Obama could not have obtained a U.S. passport unless he provided authorities with his birth certificate proving he was born in the U.S.; you do not have standing to request that he show his original birth certificate; Obama has privacy rights; etc.) to avoid the issue. All these cited factors can create a rebuttable presumption that Obama is qualified to be President. But I try to keep my life simple as in, if you want the job then just produce the documents to the American voters. If he wanted to keep his life private, then he should not have run for President. By Obama producing acceptable evidence of where he was born, he can easily put the birth place issue to rest and prevent himself and so many Americans from spending so much time and money arguing about it rather than focusing on providing solutions to our current security, economic, health, and education problems. The American voters and the public in general deserve to know that the person who ran for President, who won the popular and Electoral Vote, and who will now be sworn in as President constitutionally qualifies for that position.
II.
Even if Obama was born on
United States soil and is a citizen of the
United States under the Fourteenth Amendment, that is not sufficient to make him eligible to be President. He still has to prove that he is a “natural born Citizen” of the
United States and thereby satisfy the Constitution’s requirements for eligibility to be President. Again, Article 2, Section 1, Clause 5 of the Constitution of the
United States: “No person except a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen of the
United States, at the time of the Adoption of this Constitution shall be eligible to the Office of President . . .”
Since Obama’s father was a Citizen of Kenya and therefore subject to the jurisdiction of the
United Kingdom at the time of Obama’s birth, then Obama was a British Citizen “at birth.” Obama has admitted this reality. Even if he were to produce an original birth certificate proving he was born on
US soil, he still would not be eligible to be President. The Framers of the Constitution, at the time of their birth, were also British Citizens and that is why the Framers declared that, while they and so many others were technically (by law) Citizens of the United States, they themselves were not “natural born Citizens.” Hence, they included a grandfather clause in Article 2, Section 1, Clause 5 of the Constitution: No person except a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen of the
United States, at the time of the Adoption of this Constitution shall be eligible to the Office of President.” In other words, even if you were not a “natural born Citizen,” if you were a citizen at the time of the adoption of the Constitution, you were eligible to be President. The inclusion of the grandfather clause proves that the Framers saw a clear distinction between “natural born Citizen” and “Citizen.” If there were no distinction, there would not have been a need to include the clause, for the term “Citizen” would have sufficed when spelling out the qualifications to be President. The Framers recognized that a person who was just a “Citizen” could still have divided loyalties and allegiance between the
United States and some other country. It is also important to note that many of the then living population were subjects of England or some other country, either having been born in that foreign country or born to foreign parents or both. The Framers did not exclude these individuals from being President, provided that they were citizens at the time that the Constitution was adopted. The laws of the individual States would have determined citizenship at this time. This group would eventually die out and then the “natural born Citizen” requirement would prevail and provide further security for the new nation, for the question of divided loyalties would be over. Nobody alive today can claim eligibility to be President under the grandfather clause, for he or she including Obama was not a citizen of the
U.S. at the time the Constitution was adopted. Hence, being a “Citizen of the
United States” is necessary but not sufficient to satisfy Article 2’s presidential eligibility requirements. What is also necessary is that a person also be a “natural born Citizen.”
Some argue that Obama is a “citizen” of the
U.S. because he was born in
Hawaii and that is sufficient to be a “natural born Citizen.” But if just being born on
U.S. soil is sufficient, then why did the Framers have to include the grandfather clause in Article II? After all, they recognized in their grandfather clause that the person was a U.S. citizen but still they had to make a special provision to allow that person to be President, that provision being only if he was such a citizen at the time that the United States Constitution was adopted. It is clear that once time passed, the Framers expected the President to be not only a citizen but also a “natural born Citizen.” Obama’s current status is the same as many including the Framers themselves during the Constitutional Convention. He may be a “Citizen” just as they were, but he is not a “natural born Citizen” as many of them were not. But the difference between Obama and those individuals is that Obama cannot take advantage of Article II’s grandfather clause to make him eligible to be President.
Some argue that American law on citizenship cannot be trumped by English law on the same subject and that therefore what English law may have said about Obama’s citizenship when he was born is not relevant on the question of whether Obama is a “natural born Citizen.” Maybe it is not clear to these individuals that there is a difference between how we determine Obama’s father’s citizenship and how we determine his son’s. On the former, there is no need to talk about whether English law trumps American law. His father was born in
Kenya, a British colony at the time. He was therefore a British citizen under the British nationality law that applied at the time. The “trumping” point only applies when we look to Obama the son. The argument would be that we will not let a foreign nation tell us what the citizenship is of a child born on
U.S. soil. I agree with that. But that argument misses the point. We only need to consider that Obama, regardless of whether he was born in
Hawaii or some other location, was born to a mother that was a
U.S. citizen and a father who was a British citizen. If “natural born Citizen” means that you must be born on
U.S. soil and that both your parents at the time that you are born need to be
U.S. citizens, then Obama is not a “natural born Citizen.” We do not need to resort to “trumping” to arrive at this simple conclusion.
These same individuals argue that it is not relevant what the citizenship of Obama’s father was when Obama was born. I maintain that as it applies to being President and Commander in Chief of the
United States, “natural born Citizen” means that you have to be born on
U.S. soil to a mother and father who are both
U.S. citizens when you are born. If one of the child’s parents is not a
U.S. citizen when he or she is born, that child is not a “natural born Citizen.” These individuals would be correct only if the Framers of the Constitution, in specifying the requirements to be President and Commander in Chief of the new nation, did not care where a child’s parents were born and only required that child to be born on
U.S. soil. I do not believe that this was their position for the following reasons:
Some argue that no
U.S. citizen parents and others argue just one
U.S. citizen parent is all you need for a baby born on
U.S. soil to be a “natural born Citizen.” Since, Obama was born on U.S soil, the status of his parents is immaterial or he had a
U.S. citizen mother, making him a “natural born Citizen.” But having no
U.S. citizen parents or even just one
U.S. citizen parent is not sufficient to give the
U.S. born child the special status to be eligible to be President. It would not make sense to allow no
U.S. citizen parents, for parents have a great influence on their children. It also would not make sense to allow just one
U.S. citizen parent to be sufficient, for each parent has just as much influence as the other on his or her child. E. de Vattel’s
The Law of Nations (which is an authoritative text on the meaning of “natural born Citizen” and which Justice Scalia has cited in one of his past Supreme Court decisions) does not require just one parent to be a citizen of the child to consider that child a “natural born Citizen.” Here is the text:
E. de Vattel, The Law of Nations, or, Principles of the Law of Nature 144 (1792)
Law of Nations (1758)
§ 212. Citizens and natives.
The citizens are the members of the civil society; bound to this society by certain duties, and subject to its authority, they equally participate in its advantages. The natives, or natural-born citizens, are those born in the country, of parents who are citizens. As the society cannot exist and perpetuate itself otherwise than by the children of the citizens, those children naturally follow the condition of their fathers, and succeed to all their rights. The society is supposed to desire this, in consequence of what it owes to its own preservation; and it is presumed, as matter of course, that each citizen, on entering into society, reserves to his children the right of becoming members of it. The country of the fathers is therefore that of the children; and these become true citizens merely by their tacit consent. We shall soon see whether, on their coming to the years of discretion, they may renounce their right, and what they owe to the society in which they were born. I say, that, in order to be of the country, it is necessary that a person be born of a father who is a citizen; for, if he is born there of a foreigner, it will be only the place of his birth, and not his country. Vatt. Law Nat. bk. 1, c. 19, § 212. ‘The true bond which connects the child with the body politic is not the matter of an inanimate piece of land, but the moral relations of his parentage. * * * The place of birth produces no change in the rule that children follow the condition of their fathers, for it is not naturally the place of birth that gives rights, but extraction.’
The text starts by stating that “[t]he natives, or natural-born citizens, are those born in the country, of
parents who are citizens” (emphasis supplied). Note that the noun (“parents”) and verb (“are”) are in the plural. The text does later use the word “father.” But it also says “fathers” when referring to the children’s parents. Hence, Vattel used parents and fathers interchangeably.
I have found support for my interpretation in a case decided by the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia on August 1, 1938,
Perkins v. Elg, 99 F.2d 408 (D.C. Cir. 1938). The Supreme Court did affirm the decision at 307 U.S. 325 (1939). The language that I quote is from the Court of Appeals and not from the Supreme Court:
“The law of
England, as of the time of the Declaration of Independence, was that a person born in that kingdom owed to the sovereign allegiance which could not be renounced. Many early American decisions applied that as the common law in this country. All agreed that every free person born within the limits and the allegiance of a State of the
United States was a natural born citizen of the State and of the
United States. And this was undoubtedly the view of Mr. Justice Curtis in his dissenting opinion in the Dred Scott Case, 19 How. 393, 581, 15 L.Ed. 691, in which he said:
“* * * we find that the Constitution has recognised the general principle of public law, that allegiance and citizenship depend on the place of birth.”
This doctrine of citizenship by reason of place of birth is spoken of by the writers on the subject as the jus soli or common law doctrine. The Roman rule is different and is in effect in many of the continental European countries. This is called the jus sanguinis and depends upon the nationality of the parents and not upon the place of birth. Professor Bluntschild, in speaking of the latter doctrine, said
“The bond of the family lies at the foundation of national and political life, and attaches the child to the people among whom he is born. The opinion that fixes upon the locality of nativity, instead of the personal tie of the family, as the cause of nationality, abases the person to be a dependence of the soil.” (footnote omitted).
This language shows that under Roman law which has had a significant influence in the development of law of
Europe, citizenship depended upon the nationality of the parents and not upon the place of birth. E. de Vattel was a Swiss jurist and would have been influence by the law that existed at the time in
Europe. He would have studied why this ancient law placed such a great emphasis on the nationality of the child’s parents. The passage above from
Law of Nations shows that Vatell believed that a “true citizen” was one who acquired that citizenship through nature by being born to two parents who shared the same allegiance as the child and not one who was just tied to the soil.
Indeed, there is a reason why the Framers added the adverb “natural” to the verb “born.” If there were no special meaning to the use of both words together, one could easily argue that “natural” is redundant, for any birth at the time of the writing of the Constitution was nothing but natural. I submit that by using the word “natural,” the Framers believed that the child was tied to the parents and not just the soil, for a baby comes from his parents and not the soil. It is also amazing that Article II, in mentioning “natural born Citizen,” does not state that the child has to be born on
U.S. soil. Consider that the Fourteenth Amendment states that “[a]ll persons born or naturalized in the
United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the
United States and of the State wherein they reside.” This is the only place in the Constitution where one will find any reference to a person being born on
U.S. soil being a “Citizen,” but only provided that he or she is subject to the jurisdiction thereof. And it is this qualifying phrase that brings the parents' allegiance back into the equation. Just using the word “born” would have made the citizenship requirement satisfied simply by being born on the soil. But the Framers said “natural born.” Hence, they must have been thinking of more than just the soil. They must have been thinking of the child’s parents joining together in the natural act of procreation and thereby giving their respective citizenships to their new born. It was these children, born to these parents who had the same allegiance as each other, who would become “true citizens” (Vattel). Hence, both natural elements (soil and blood [parental citizenship]) are needed to be a “natural born Citizen.”
It is thought the origin of the natural-born citizen clause can be traced to a letter of July 25, 1787 from John Jay (who was born in New York City and later became the first Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court) to George Washington (who was born in Virginia), presiding officer of the Constitutional Convention. John Jay wrote:
"Permit me to hint, whether it would be wise and seasonable to provide a strong check to the admission of Foreigners into the administration of our national Government; and to declare expressly that the Commander in Chief of the American army shall not be given to nor devolve on, any but a natural born Citizen."
In
Federalist Paper #64, Jay wrote that the President should be a man “of whom the people have had time to form a judgment.” He explained that this was one main reason for the eligibility requirements. It is interesting to note that before the Revolutionary War started, Jay served on the New York Provincial Congress committee to detect and defeat conspiracies, which monitored British actions. Jay also wrote the second, third, fourth, fifth and sixty-fourth articles of the Federalist Papers, all of which except the sixty-fourth concerned the dangers from foreign force and influence. We have to remember that during the American Revolution, the colonies were inhabited by people loyal to the Revolution and those loyal to
England. Indeed, the Founding Fathers had a firsthand experience with a population with divided allegiances. They must have known that just being born in a place did not necessarily make you loyal to that place alone. They must have concluded that if you combine being born in a certain place with the influence that your mother and father’s citizenship has on a child, then there is a better chance of the child being loyal to just one place. After all, they had to decide what the qualifications to be President of the new nation were going to be and they wanted to make these requirements most exacting.
The Framers wanted to do everything they possibly could to make sure the President would be loyal
only to the new nation. One safeguard was having the child’s parents both be
U.S. citizens. This requirement makes sense when we consider that a child inherits so much of who he or she becomes from his mother and father. But they did not leave it just to the citizenship of the parents. Their decision was a wise one, for parents can manipulate this factor through American naturalization laws. Hence, they also factored in an immutable element-where the child is born. The combination of these elements provided the most stringent test to be President and Commander in Chief.
There are also subsequent Congressional acts that give us insight into what the Framers of the Constitution meant by “natural born Citizen.” The 1790 Congress, many of whose members had been members of the Constitutional Convention, passed the Naturalization Act of 1790 (1 Stat.103,104) which provided that “And the children of citizens of the United States that may be born beyond the sea, or out of the limits of the United States, shall be considered as natural born citizens.” It is interesting to note that George Washington was president of the Constitutional Convention and President of the
United States when this bill became law and if he disagreed with this definition, he could have vetoed this bill. One would then at first think that this legislation strongly suggests that the Framers of the Constitution understood this phrase to refer to citizenship acquired from the child’s parents at birth, regardless of whether or not that birth had taken place on
U.S. soil. But Congress changed this law in 1795 by removing the words “natural born” from the term “natural born citizen” and just leaving it “citizens.” This change in the law gives us a clear understanding of what the Congress perceived to be what the Framers of the Constitution understood “natural born Citizen” to mean. This legislative amendment by many members of Congress who had been members of the Constitutional Convention also shows that they recognized that there was a critical distinction between “natural born Citizen” and “citizen, ” a distinction important enough to have to pass a Congressional act to amend a prior law that was ill conceived in their eyes. It is also questionable whether the 1790 act is constitutional given the language of Article 2 which makes “natural born Citizen” one of the requirements to be President and distinguishes that status from mere citizen of the
United States.
In 1795 the Congress passed the Naturalization Act of 1795 which removed the words “natural born” from the previous 1790 law. Hence, the new law meant that such children born to citizens beyond the seas are citizens of the
U.S., but are not legally to be considered “natural born Citizens” of the
U.S. It seems that this was done to clarify for those living at that time who was and who was not a “natural born Citizen” per the Framers intent at that time, since the 1790 Act had introduced confusion into that subject regarding the use of those words in the Constitution. It is again important to note that George Washington was also President in 1795, making him aware of this change. If he disagreed with the clarification and change in the wording in the new 1795 act, he would have vetoed the Naturalization Act of 1795. The 1795 amendment clearly suggests that the Framers wanted a child to be born on
U.S. soil and of parents who were U.S citizens in order to be considered a “natural born Citizen.” It appears that at first (1790) the Congress was willing to sacrifice the sanctity of a "natural born Citizen," for children born abroad, provided that both parents were U.S. citizens. They probably figured that with both parents being U.S. citizens, the child had a better chance of acquiring the values of the parents and were willing to waive the connection to the soil. But by the time 1795 came along, the Congress must have realized that they could not diminish the exacting standard of an Article II "natural born Citizen," which required for natural born citizenship status that the child be born on U.S. soil to a mother and father both of whom were U.S. citizens at the time of the child's birth. Hence, to further protect the new Nation, the Congress realized that if a child is not born on U.S. soil and if that child is born to U.S. citizen parents, he/she can still be a U.S. citizen, but not an Article II "natural born Citizen." Hence, it is clear from the actions of these Founders/Framers that when it came to a "natural born Citizen" as it applied to the President, they mandated that the child be born on U.S. soil to a mother and father who were themselves U.S. citizens at the time of the birth. This latter standard gave the greatest protection to the nation and is what Article II mandates. I would also add that it could be argued that the 1790 Act was unconstitutional, for Congress was attempting to amend Article II of the Constitution by way of an Act of Congress. Finally, it does not matter whether 1790 or 1795 is closer in time to the enactment of the Constitution. At that time, we still had many of the Founding members in our legislature. Washington was still President. The act that is last in time is the one that counts and the one that has the power of law.
Further support for the two-parent requirement can be found in the Fourteenth Amendment itself which provides that a person born on
U.S. soil or naturalized in the
U.S. and “subject to the jurisdiction thereof” is a citizen of the
U.S. I submit that that jurisdiction must be complete and not partial, and both territorial and political.
“To be ‘completely subject’ to the political jurisdiction of the United States is to be in no respect or degree subject to the political jurisdiction of any other government. Now, I take it that the children of aliens, whose parents have not only not renounced their allegiance to their native country, but are forbidden by its system of government, as well as by its positive laws, from doing so, and are not permitted to acquire another citizenship by the laws of the country into which they come, must necessarily remain themselves subject to the same sovereignty as their parents, and cannot, in the nature of things, be, any more than their parents, completely subject to the jurisdiction of such other country.”
Wong Kim Ark (Chief Justice Fuller dissenting).
Hence, to be completely subject, we would need that both parents give the child
U.S. citizenship and no other allegiance.
Rep. John Bingham of Ohio, considered the father of the Fourteenth Amendment, confirms the construction the framers used in regards to birthright and jurisdiction while speaking on civil rights of citizens in the House on March 9, 1866:
" ... I find no fault with the introductory clause [S 61 Bill], which is simply declaratory of what is written in the Constitution, that every human being born within the jurisdiction of the United States of parents [plural, meaning two] not owing allegiance to any foreign sovereignty is, in the language of your Constitution itself, a natural born citizen..."
Additionally, and putting aside the debate as to what “subject to the jurisdiction” means, the Fourteenth Amendment tells us that if you are born in the United States or naturalized there, and subject to its jurisdiction, you are a U.S. citizen. Additionally, the Fourteenth Amendment in no way amended the requirements of an Article II "natural born Citizen," for it was passed to secure the citizenship rights of former slaves who may have been born on U.S. soil and to keep the Supreme Court from declaring the Civil Rights Act of 1866 to be unconstitutional for lack of Congressional authority to pass such a law or a future Congress from altering it by a simple majority vote.
Finally, the amendment uses the word “citizen.” In other word even a naturalized person is also a citizen, just as one who is born on
U.S. soil. But we know that a naturalized citizen is not eligible to be President because he or she was not a “natural born Citizen” (i.e., did not acquire
U.S. citizenship at the time of birth). Hence, there must be a difference between the meaning of “citizen” and “natural born Citizen.” If there were no difference, a naturalized person could maintain that he or she is a citizen of the
U.S. under the Fourteenth Amendment and being a citizen is eligible to be President. But we do not accept that. Some have called for a constitutional amendment to change this. Hence, the difference between the two terms must exist.
Some argue that the decision of
United States v. Wong Kim Ark, 169
U. S. 649, 18 S.Ct. 456, 42 L.Ed. 890 (1898) is the final word on “natural born Citizen” and that under that decision, as long as Obama was born on U.S. soil, he is a “natural born Citizen.” It should be acknowledged that the concept of a person not being a U.S. citizen even though he was born on U.S. soil because his or her parents are not U.S. citizens was rejected by
Wong Kim Ark. But this holding, which only tells us what a “citizen” is, has nothing to do with what a “natural born Citizen” is as that term is used in Article II of the Constitution. Any reference in the decision to the term “natural born Citizen” is mere dicta. Note: President Chester Arthur appointed Justice Horace Gray who wrote the opinion. Arthur, who was initially elected Vice-President, went to great lengths, including lying about when his father arrived in
America from
Ireland and burning his family papers, apparently to keep secret from the American public the fact that when he was born his father was not a
U.S. citizen. Arthur then became President when a close Arthur supporter assassinated President Garfield. Hence, the American voters never knew about Arthur’s true citizenship status and his presidency is no precedent on the issue. In any event, and despite what the dissenting opinion said about the majority view allowing U.S. born children of foreigners to run for President, the
Wong Kim Ark case, which had nothing to do with interpreting what “natural born Citizen” means as that term is used in Article II of the Constitution, only defined what a U.S. “citizen” is, not what a U.S. “natural born Citizen” is as that term is used in that Article. In other words, all the case law and arguments as to what a “Citizen” is or is not do not answer the question of what is a “natural born Citizen.” These arguments only go to the question of what is a “citizen.”
Finally, Section 301(g) INA has different requirements when conferring
U.S. citizenship of a child born abroad, depending on whether the parents of the child are married and whether they are both
U.S. citizens. For those parents who are married and both
U.S. citizens at the time of birth, there is no minimum age requirement for the parents nor is there any minimum time requirement of
U.S. residency. This category is the most liberal in granting the foreign-born child
U.S. citizenship. Hence, it can be seen that even our own Congress has recognized the profound impact on a child, regardless of where he/she is born in the world, of being born to one or two parents who are U.S. citizens. We must keep in mind that citizenship under Congressional Acts is just that and not citizenship under the Constitution which at Article II prescribes the eligibility requirements to be President.
Some argue that our nation of immigrants will never stand for such a restrictive definition of “natural born Citizen.” I do not believe that our nation of immigrants will object to making it a little more difficult to be President and Commander in Chief. Such a requirement is not about being discriminatory, xenophobic, racist, un-democratic, archaic, or bigoted, but rather about providing for the security of the
United States of America in an uncertain and very dangerous world. Given the weapons that humanity has created, the President of our country can decide whether the world will continue to exist or not. A person who is a citizen of this great country enjoys the same rights as all other
U.S. citizens. Those rights include, but are not limited to, holding any public position except President, unless you are also a “natural born Citizen.”
Some object by saying that we are raising the bar for Obama and Obama alone. But he wants to be President of the
United States. I think that deserves great scrutiny. Also, he is the one who won the popular vote for President and now also that of the Electoral College. Should someone ask why the issue has never come up before when all the other “white” Presidents were running, the answer is that other than Chester Arthur, every President of this nation was born in the United States to parents who were both U.S. citizens.
The U.S. Supreme Court has been asked for the first time in its history to decide what is a “natural born Citizen,” as that term is used in Article 2 of the Constitution. How the Court interprets that term will have great consequences to Obama, regardless of whether he was born in
Hawaii or
Kenya. It is hoped that the Supreme Court decides the "natural born Citizen" issue on the basis of intelligence, intellectual honesty, knowledge, logic, historical development, and political philosophy as clearly expressed by the Founding Fathers and Framers of the Constitution, and not on the basis of political correctness, social justification, political expediency, pity, or fear for what may happen by action taken. What is at stake and in the hands of the Court is the future of our United States of America, a future that so much depends upon our belief in the integrity of our national institutions, our belief that we as Americans are special in the world, and our belief in the sanctity of our Constitution and the rule of law. The Supreme Court may have decided not to hear the cases so far brought to it because those cases did not have the correct procedural posture or that the cases were brought premature since the Electoral College and/or Congress had yet to act. On December 15, 2008, the Electoral College voted for Obama. The college votes will be certified by the U.S. Congress on January 8, 2009 and Obama is scheduled to be sworn in as President on January 20, 2009. The American people who believe in this issue need to immediately contact the representatives in Congress and ask them to thoroughly investigate this urgent matter and vote accordingly. Should the Congress not be interested in this matter, then the only other avenue for relief is to go back to court with a case that has the proper procedural posture.
(c) Mario Apuzzo, Esq.
Jamesburg,
New Jersey
December 20, 2008
Added on January 1, 2009: Please copy and paste into your browser the following link for an urgent message from restoretheconstitutionalrepublic.org regarding Obama's Constitutional eligibility to be President.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QEnaAZrYqQI
